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روان شناسی و مشاوره::
محیط آموزشی
educational setting; there are often also more students
basis of what is known about the effects of hearing loss (Calderon & Greenberg, 2011; Greenberg & Kusché, 1998) that D/HH students from both educational settings have more problems developing age- appropriate regulation and control functions to plan their actions compared with hearing students.
Table 1 Demographic information about the sample (N = 214) Variables Characteristics N % Gender Male (1) 123 57.5 Female (2) 91 42.5 Age (median = 12.4, M = 12.4, SD = 3.2) 5-6 years (1) 2 0.9 7-8 years (2) 31 14.5 9-13 years (3) 103 48.1 14-18 years (4) 78 36.4 Citizenship German (0) 145 67.8 Other citizenship (1) 68 31.8 Missing data 1 0.5 Degree of hearing loss Unilateral (1) 9 4.2 10-39 dB (2) 35 16.4 40-69 dB (3) 70 32.7 70-89 dB (4) 39 18.2 90-120 dB (5) 58 27.1 Missing data 3 1.4 Cause of deafness Genetic (1) 56 26.2 Illness/accident (2) 48 22.4 Unknown (3) 108 50.5 Missing data 3 0.9 Cochlear implant Yes (1) 52 24.3 No (0) 162 75.7 Additional handicap Yes (1) 30 14.0 No (0) 184 86.0 Parental hearing status Deaf (1) 24 11.2 Hard of hearing (2) 15 7.0 Hearing (3) 175 81.8 Educational setting Elementary/middle school (1) 46 21.5 Junior high school (2) 57 26.6 High school (3) 48 22.4 Missing data 63 29.4 Most preferred language by the child Spoken language (1) 191 89.3 Spoken and sign language (2) 23 10.7 Kind of school School for the deaf and hard of hearing (1) 145 67.8 General school (2) 69 32.2
Students were educated in a range of educational settings, had varying degrees of hearing loss, and used a range of communication modes.
, degree of hearing loss of the participants, the language the stu- dents used, and their educational setting), the method of data gathering (e.g.
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